Neuronal Synapse Example For Students

Neuronal Synapse neurons communicate with each other every single second, thats how it tell you to be careful not to fall or light on your eyes, to close them Action potential travels down an axon The space between the pre- and post synaptic cleft are called SYNAPSE You can also find NT in there glutamate: excitatory (Na+) gaba: inhibitory (Cl-) dopamin, histamin (allergies), serotonin, and adrenaline ( stress) what are some NT? Neuromuscular Junction axon terminal contacting the cell, gap contained, it released molecules at the synapse that passes to the membrane of the target cells Chemical synapse has a gap the cells are physically connected, they are connected to the cell membrane. the axon terminal specifically bind the target cells: Inside of neuron talks with the inside of the cell. Cytoplasm of the two connected. ions directly connected. Electrical synapse has no gap chemical synapse The most common form of the synapse in human would be the pre synaptic vs. post synaptic when calcium enters from the outside, this cause the membrane to diffuse with the and exit all of the NT that it contains: Neurotransmitter release NT are molecules that communicate information between neuron and its target cells. There are 100s of neurotransmitters Types of NT amino group and carboxylic group, peptide NTs. Peptides are chains of amino acids, bunch of them together and we called them peptides. * glutamate (+), GABA (-), Glycine NT amino acids these are biogenetic amines, mono amines are organic molecules, connected to an aromatic group and the amino group connected by carbon chains. catecarlamines, (sub group of amino, which has a benzene, had hydroxy amine) * serotonin, histamine, (dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine: catecholamine) conciseness, cognition, thinking, emotions, many disorder has to do with monoamines! (Opioids: endorphine, has to do with pain receptors. NT monoamines NT peptides ACTH: central nervous system, peripheral NS, motor neurons synapse at the skeletal muscles. other molecular NT: Amino acids, monoamines, peptides and other NTs. Dendrites: excitatory Cell body: inhibitory terminal: excitatory/ inhibitory NT could be excitatory or inhibitory: metabotropic vs. inotropic inotropic, ligand gated ion channel : Cl-, Ca++, Na+, K+ > depolarization metabotropic: secondary messenger neuron -change the activity of protein + genes -affect is larger! The interaction of metabotropic vs. inotropic 1) Diffusion, slowing up the action potential 2) Enzymes: synapse break down the NT into compartments 3) Re-uptake pump, actively removes the NT from the synapse 4) Astrocytes: CNS, absorbs NT inside ALL this TURNs it ON/ OFF How to remove NT from a synapse How the nervous system changes in response to experiance Neuroplasticity changes in synapses and other parts of the neuron Neuroplasticity potentiation, parts mostly used strength of information can increases and it is called depression, parts used rarely strength of information can decrease and it is called when it happens at the level of synapse, or at level of enter cell: structural synaptic Neuroplasticity Look at it careful, it is used most of often today potentiation vs. depression Neuroplasticity C Which term describes the space between a neuron and its target cell? Please choose from one of the following options. Axon terminal Post synaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Dendritic spine Both chemical and electrical synapses relay information through similar mechanisms. Which of the following statements does not accurately describe synapses? Voltage-gated calcium channels What channel plays a role in the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? Action potentials ultimately result in more calcium leaving the target cell at the post synaptic membrane. Which of the following statements about action potentials and information transmission in the synaptic cleft is false? Gamma-aminobutyric acid What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain? Histamine Which neurotransmitter is not classified as a catecholamine? Please choose from one of the following options. Epinephrine Norepinephrine Histamine Dopamine Metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors move more slowly than ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors. There are two main types of neurotransmitter receptors. Which of the following statements about receptors accurately describes how they function? Enzymatic deactivation How is acetylcholine removed from the postsynaptic membrane? Structural depression Which of the following terms describes the type of plasticity that occurs when entire neurons are lost due to decreased activity? Serotonin One specific type of antidepressant medication works by blocking the removal of neurotransmitters. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely the target of the antidepressant medication? temporal vs. spatial summation Everything about summation everything about summation Graded potential vs. Action Potential The neuron resting potential maintain -60 mV The outside: negative The inside: positive The electrical: each membrane attracted to the OPP charge The chemical force: The concentration gradient, diffusion force. Electrical vs. chemical gradient Look how the ions gets in in out of the cell: How neurons created and why they decay over time jumps from node to node Saltatory conduction How the action potential takes place across an axon because the membrane is in refractory period. AP goes only in one direction, why? Learn how action potential working and, leak channels and voltage gated. it makes it faster less resistance more conduction more ions flow and inc A.P How does myelination changes action potential? larger vs. smaller axon Action Potential Patterns: temporal response pattern amount of NT release. D Which of the following is the correct definition of a cation? Please choose from one of the following options. A cation is a negatively charged ion. A cation is an ion that can have a positive or negative charge. A cation is an ion that cannot have a charge. A cation is a positively charged ion. A Which term describes the cell membrane potential of a neuron at rest? Please choose from one of the following options. Polarized Hyperpolarized Repolarized Depolarized B How are potassium ions typically moved out of a neuron when the membrane is at rest? Please choose from one of the following options. Electrical gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell. Potassium ions are stable and do not move when a membrane is at rest. The sodium-potassium pump moves potassium ions out of the cell. A Action potentials are characterized by which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Rapid depolarization Repolarization Slightly negative polarization Depolarization or hyperpolarization C Absolute and relative refractory periods are important aspects of which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Graded potentials Equilibrium potentials Action potentials Resting potentials B Which of the following statements is false? Please choose from one of the following options. Refractory periods are not associated with graded potentials, but are associated with action potentials. Graded potentials are always hyperpolarizing, whereas action potentials are always depolarizing. Graded potentials are always decremental, whereas action potentials are always non-decremental. Graded potentials are proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, whereas action potentials are all-or-none. B Which statement describes the membrane potential at the peak of an action potential? Please choose from one of the following options. The membrane potential is much more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is slightly less positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is slightly more positive than the Na+ equilibrium potential. The membrane potential is the same as the Na+ equilibrium potential. C How would action potentials be affected in a myelinated axon if nodes are far apart? Please choose from one of the following options. Action potentials would not be affected Action potentials might travel more slowly Action potentials might stop Action potentials might travel more quickly C Which of the following neuronal processes transmits an action potential? Please choose from one of the following options. Dendrite Soma Axon Glia C Saltatory conduction refers to which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. The conduction of a graded potential along a demyelinated axon. The conduction of a graded potential along a myelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a myelinated axon. The conduction of an action potential along a demyelinated axon. B The resting potential for a particular neuron is measured to be -60 mV. Which of the following distributions of ions could not produce this measurement? Please choose from one of the following options. More cations than anions on both sides of the cell membrane More anions than cations on the outside of the membrane, more cations than anions on the inside of the membrane More cations than anions on the outside of the membrane, more anions than cations on the inside of the membrane More anions than cations on both sides of the cell membrane A In the resting state, which of the following mineral ions is found in greatest concentration inside a neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. Potassium cation Chloride anion Calcium cation Sodium cation A In the resting state, which of the following mineral ions has an electrical force vector pointing out of the neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. Chloride anion Calcium cation Sodium cation Potassium cation D Researchers use genetic engineering techniques to culture neuronal cells with sodium-potassium pumps that, for each molecule of ATP, transport 2 sodium cations for every 3 potassium cations; assuming that all other aspects are held equal, which of the following would be most affected by this change, as compared to what happens in a normal neuronal cell? Please choose from one of the following options. The diffusion force on potassium cations would be smaller and in the opposite direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be larger and in the opposite direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be smaller and in the same direction The diffusion force on potassium cations would be larger and in the same direction D What is the primary difference in graded potentials versus actions potentials? Please choose from one of the following options. Graded potentials do not involve transient production of charged molecules inside the neuron, while action potentials involve the flow of charged molecules across the neuron membrane Graded potentials occur in axons, while action potentials occur in the dendrites and soma Graded potentials occur in neurons of the peripheral nervous system, while actions potentials occur in neurons of the central nervous system Action potentials occur in axons, while graded potentials occur in the dendrites and soma C D Nematodes are small worm-like animals with roughly 300 neurons. Imagine that a mutation is introduced into a population of nematodes that down-regulates the production of Schwann cells. Which of the following phenotypes would you predict to have a selective advantage in the population? Please choose from one of the following options. Nematodes with larger soma Nematodes with smaller diameter axons Nematodes with longer axons Nematodes with shorter axons C Where are voltage-gated sodium channels found in greatest concentration? Please choose from one of the following options. In the axon terminals In the nodes of Ranvier In the trigger zones In the dendrites B Reduced permeability of potassium leak channels would affect which of the following aspects of action potentials in a neuron? Please choose from one of the following options. The activation threshold The time to reach maximum repolarization The time to reach maximum depolarization The size of the depolarization wave A Which of the following neurons is least likely to exist in nature? Please choose from one of the following options. A neuron that fires action potentials to a certain maximum amplitude, and increases this amplitude when it receives excitatory inputs A neuron that fires action potentials at a steady state, and decreases this rate when it receives inhibitory inputs A neuron that does not fire action potentials until stimulated by an excitatory input A neuron that fires action potentials at a steady rate, and increases this rate when it receives excitatory inputs * Neurons * Glial cells Neural cells * Brain * Spinal Cord CNS made all of nerves PNS Neural tube=CNS Neural Crest=PNS neuro tube vs. neuro crest glial cells (support cells) Neurons ( send message) some has nucleus * some axons short others longer * Some axons has more branches than others. Look careful large axons gets covered by myeline, Deep sleep allows the body an escape from time Essaytake a careful look at the image! The neurons stem cells> neuroblast>unipolar neuron. Types of neurons * Unipolar neuron * Bipolar Neuron * Multipolar Neuron (in adult) * Pseudo unipolar Neuron process and transmit information. summation of all neurons gets added at the axon hillock. what are the function of neurons: summation of the excitatory and inhibitory neurons as graded potential. AP is conducted the entire length of an axon, no matter how long it is NT bind to the receptors on the target cells: central summation turned into temporal summation what are the function type of neurons Astrocytes to protect the cells, they are end feet at the end of astrocyte processes 1) Astrocytes form scaffold if injury in the brain or spinal cord, it will try to cover the cavity, they grow longer processes from a longer tissue. Scaffolding the CNS and structural support for the injury and the cavity. 2) Astrocytes scar releases lactate and neurons little nutrient depends on the oxygen and glucose, neurons uses lactate if no glucose or oxygen. 3) Astrocytes Homeostasis Astrocytes prevents molecules to pass from the into the blood vessel to the entering the brain. 4) Astrocytes Blood Brain Barrier synapse connection, btw neurons and clearing the molecule communication. Astrocytes hard working cells of CNS. 5) Astrocytes clear synapse 1) Reactive O species kill cell like bacteria 2) phagocytosis the microglial cells acts like an immune system in the CNS, they find inflammation, it gets activated, and it kills the bacteria or whatever causing the inflammation. *simple epithelial cuboidal cells * capillaries IF=fluid between cells * cilli and microvilli The central fluid is called the central spinal fluid. The ependymal cells are covering the cells, 1) Barrier between cells form 2) Participate in secreting CSF what are the two things formed by the ependymal cells? It can militant multiple axons, myelin made of lipid, fat. Rubber coating insulation. Oligodendrocytes they only militate a single segment of the axon, provides support for the peripheral cells glial of the PNS, schwan cells (shapeless cells) oligodendrocytes vs. schwan cells D GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Which part of the cell does it interact with? Please choose from one of the following options. Myelin sheath Soma Axon Dendrites C Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease which attack gangliosides, which are molecules found on the outside of a cell. Patients with this disease have a nerve conduction block which is often caused by a slowed conduction potential and can lead to paralysis. Which type of cell is attacked? Please choose from one of the following options. Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells Neurons C What is the most common cell type in the brain? Please choose from one of the following options. Oligodendrocyte Ependymal cell Astrocyte Neuron C The choroid plexus is a structure made of capillaries and modified neural cells that produces the fluid that cushions the central nervous system. What types of cells are found in the choroid plexus? Please choose from one of the following options. Oligodendrocytes Neurons Ependymal cells Astrocytes D The microglia arise from which embryonic layer? Please choose from one of the following options. Ectoderm Endoderm Neural crest Mesoderm D A increased number of microglia would indicate which of the following? Please choose from one of the following options. Multiple sclerosis Subdural hematoma Peripheral nerve damage Bacterial meningitis A The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) lies just outside the interface between the central and peripheral nervous systems, and holds the cell bodies for those neurons that transmit signals between the two. What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglion? Please choose from one of the following options. Pseudounipolar Monopolar Multipolar Bipolar B Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? Please choose from one of the following options. Structural support Interstitial fluid monitoring for pathogens Barrier protection Hypoxia buffering C A local nerve block is a technique which shuts off afferent receptors in the target area. What is its effect? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporary paralysis Slows heart rate Anesthetic Anti-tetanus central=brain and spinal cord peripheral=the rest. The structure of the Nervous System (central and peripheral) cerebrum cerebral hemisphere * top: med brain * middle: ponds * bottom: medulla brain stem cerebellum Prosencephalon: it cerebrem forebrain Mesencephalon : midbrain Midbrain Rhambincephalon : pons, medulla and cerebellum Hindbrain spinal cord CNS 1) nerves carry axons of neurons 2) ganglia ( lumps attached to the nerve they contain the somas of the neurons) PNS contains two types of structures Afferent neurons carry info into the CNS Efferent neurons-carry info out into the PNS There are a lot of nerves going all over the body PNS information carries comes out of the brain Cranial nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves spinal nerve roots afferent and efferent, all nerves keep branching, proximal part of nerves: they branch and eventually becomes microscopic. mix nerves cranial nerves pass the skull out in the periphery patterns of abnormal function. Syndromes are what? 1) Basic Functions (made of CNS+ PNS) 2) Higher Functions functions of the nervous system is divided into two sections: the cranial nerves perform the basic function of cranial nerves while the spinal cord performs the function of the spinal region basic function 1) Motor (skeletal muscle control) provides movement, posture and tone. End result of contraction 2) Sensory functions: anything that the nervous system can detect. (vision, hearing, smell, teste, vestibular sense, somato sensation) 3) Automatic no concious involvement, reflex is an example. control of body system Basic functions of the CNS divided into 3 sections: cognition: (thinking, learning, memory, language, executive) emotions: feelings, experiance of life consciousness: awareness of being a person and controlling ones action. Higher part of the function is performed by parts of the brain: 3 categories, Everything all together LMN (efferent) carrying information away from the CNS control the skeletal muscles motor unit: one lower motor unit this motor neurons contacting two skeletal muscle cells, they are the other part of the motor unit. The motor unit made of couple parts: because when it contracts it causes all of the unit in the skeletal muscle to contract: the space b/w the muscle cells and the LMN is called a neuromuscular junction. All the cells are activated at the same time. why it is called a motor unit? the brain and spinal cord (skeletal muscles) The lower motor neurons in the cranial controls controls everywhere else. These muscles has small motor units, they are synapsing on the small muscles. Big muscles in the thigh, they have large motor units. The motor unit of the spinal cord 1) weakness, loss of contraction of skeletal muscle. what happens if any kind of abnormality in the motor unit? 1) weakness and LMN signs, Atrophy of skeletal muscle-decreases bulk of skeletal muscle, size is decreased. Thee muscles shrivel up 2) Fasciculations: twitch of skeletal muscle, involuntary, little twitch of the muscle happens. Lots of twitching happening 3) Hypotonia: a decreases in the tone of skeletal muscle, it refers to how muscle contracting, not as much tone. 3) Hyporeflexia=decrease muscle stretch reflexes, reflex happens if you rapidly strech. Abnormality in the LMN it provides problems in the areas of the body If the LMN doesnt provide constant stimulation to the skeletal muscle then the senses of the body, * postion sense ( moving arm, you know it) * vibration sense (turning fork) * touch * Pain * temperature what are somatosensation respond to physical forces: mechanoreceptors * postion * vibration * Touch what are some of the somatosensory receptors? * postion * vibration * Touch nociceptors 1) experiance of pain What are some of the somator receptors for pain? Thermoreceptors what are some of the somatorsensory receptors of temp? In the skin, there are number of axons entering the skins, mechanoreceptors: they tend to have structure on the end of the axon, close to the surface of the skin. You can also find them in the deep tissue, they magnify one large in muscle. Relative position and body parts. where these somatosensory receptors mostly found? Temperature and pain moves slow Position, vibration, Touch moves fast Reflex response to a stimulus that doesnt require a point of consciousness Reflex =afferent part (bring information about stimulus into the CNS) Efferent=carries information away from the CNS causes response to a periphery. Muscle stretch reflex: the nervous system forms many kind of reflexes if a skeletal muscle is rapidly contracting, as a protective response from being stretched rapidly. One of the good reflexes is called the muscle stretch reflex the doc is heating in the tendon, hooks the muscle and bone, the renden stretches the large group of muscle, it stretches it and rapidly this happens, muscle stretch happens, it spread out. Muscle spindles, special fiber, neuron axon. stretch the fibers to bring it back to the CNS Leg kick out to the stimulus the rubber hammer Everything you must know about reflexes Autonomic Nervous System Gray matter vs. white matter Everything you need to know on UMP One side gets injured effects the other side of the body Cerebellum coordinating movement Brain steam subcortical cerebrum Cerebral cortex lession studyies and exeprimental ablation Lession studies and experimetal It doesnt tell us what areas of the brain is active at a given time. Different way to see the structure of a Brain 1) CT scan uses radio waves and atoms of the brain line up, disturbs the atoms of the brains , cant tell us the brain function Different way to see the structure of a Brain 1) MRI it gives wave lines, tells is person is awake or sleep. Different ways to see the function of the brain EEG requires more for room set up, Different ways to see the function of the brain MEG Different ways to see the structure/function of the brain FMRI inject brain with glucose to see the structures better. Different ways to see the structure/function of the brain PSCAN D Which of the following structures is a part of the rhombencephalon? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporal lobe Thalamus Substantia nigra Medulla D Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? Please choose from one of the following options. An efferent neuron, impulse moving distally. An afferent neuron, impulse moving distally. An efferent neuron, impulse moving proximally. An afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally. C Which of the following is an example of a basic nervous system function? Please choose from one of the following options. Learning English as a second language Feeling afraid of the dark Sweating during a yoga class Remembering a painful experience C Sympathetic nervous system activation constricts arteries found within the salivary glands. Which of the following statements correctly describes the activation of autonomic nervous system function within the circulatory system? C B A 55-year old woman is diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and reports symptoms of general weakness, muscle atrophy, and muscle twitching. What type of nervous system dysfunction is she likely experiencing? Please choose from one of the following options. Upper motor neuron dysfunction Lower motor neuron dysfunction Axon degeneration Demyelination C If an individual were to sustain a significant injury to their right cerebral hemisphere, where might somatosensory loss of functioning occur? Please choose from one of the following options. Both sides of the body Right side of the body Left side of the body There is no evidence that loss of functioning would occur. C A veteran is admitted to the hospital after sustaining a traumatic brain injury. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) shows significant damage to the veterans cerebellum. The damage would result in difficulty with which of the following functions? Please choose from one of the following options. Sensation of pain Regulation of temperature Coordination of movement Regulation of emotion D A researcher is interested in learning more about individual perceptions of pain and develops a trial where participants experience electric shocks. He applies a low grade electric shock to a participants right hand. Where would this information typically be processed by the participants brain? Please choose from one of the following options. Pain sensation is not processed by cerebral cortex Both sides of the cerebral cortex Right side of the cerebral cortex Left side of the cerebral cortex B Which of the following areas of the brain is not involved in the diffuse cortical projection of dopamine? Please choose from one of the following options. Hypothalamus Raphe nuclei Substantia nigra Ventral tegmentum D Jenny receives a golden retriever puppy for her birthday. She picks up the puppy and is surprised at how soft and fluffy the puppys fur feels. What lobe of Jennys cerebral cortex first processes the information about the feel of the puppys fur? Please choose from one of the following options. Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe