Habermas’ Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power? Essay -- Philso

Habermas’ Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power? ABSTRACT: To overcome the gap between norms and facts, Habermas appeals to the medium of law which gives legitimacy to the political order and provides it with its binding force. Legitimate law-making itself is generated through a procedure of public opinion and will-formation that produces communicative power. Communicative power, in turn, influences the process of social institutionalization. I will argue that the revised notion of power as a positive influence that is produced in communicative space runs contrary to Habermas’ original concept of power in his theory of communicative action where power is understood as a coercive force that has to be avoided in order for the discursive situation to prevail. As such, I believe that the introduction of communicative power and its close tie to ‘legitimate law’ and political system greatly reduces our critical ability with respect to political systems as exercised in liberal-democratic states. In addition, I will arg ue that his revision alludes to a redrawing of the boundaries between the life-world and the system in favor of the latter, and consequently indicates a shift to the right in Habermas’ latest work. To overcome the gap between norms and facts, Habermas appeals to the medium of law, which gives legitimacy to the political order and provides the system with its binding force. Legitimate law-making itself is generated through a procedure of public opinion and will-formation that produces communicative power. In its turn, communicative power influences the process of social institutionalization. I will argue that the revised notion of power as a positive influence that is produced in communicative space, runs c... ...’ new elaboration on the deliberative model of its substantive force; once again confronting it with the Hegelian charge of emptiness and ineffectiveness. (6) Habermas’ claim that Kant subordinates law to morality—because the legitimacy of law is derived from the categorical imperative—can be contested. If one sees that for Kant the categorical imperative underlies both law and morality, one can object to the use of the term "subordinate" by Habermas as an inaccurate description of the relation between law and morality. (7) J.Habermas, "Three Normative Models of Democracy", in Constellation, Vol. I, No:1, 1994, p. 8 (8) J.Habermas, "The Entwinement of Myth and Enlightenment: Rereading Dialectic of Enlightenment", in New German Critique, No:26, 1982, p. 27 (9) Habermas dedicates chapter six of BFN to elaborate on the role of constitutional adjudication.

How does the poet use techniques to engage the reader? Essay

Bruce Dawe is a famous poet born in 1930. He incorporated similar techniques in his poems ‘War Without End’ and ‘Description of an Idea’. In the ‘War Without End’ the war is metaphorical and represented as the never ending car crashes and accidents on our roads every year whereas in ‘Description of an Idea’ the war is represented as a historical past event that was associated with the 1989 massacre in Tiananmen Square. Each poem illustrates the similarities between a metaphorical and literal war via the use of repetition, historical references and ambiguity. The use of repetitive phrases in the poem ‘War Without End’ is used to emphase the repetition of car accidents and crashes on our roads. For example ‘the war was not like any other war’, gives the reader the feeling as if excessive car accidents are metaphorically killing as many people as Genghis Khan did in his attempt to murder every enemy. Whereas in ‘Description of an Idea’ repetition is used to emphase the reader to feel as though the cause is important and should be recognised. Dawe uses the repetition of words like ‘You can’ and ‘someone else will’ to intrigue the reader into feeling as though if they were to ‘nail it to a cross’ it would ‘rise again after 3 days’ this gives the reader the impression that what they decide to do will influence other people decisions. This technique helps to make the reader think of what they would do if they were in that situation or under those circumstances. Whether it’s a massacre in Tiananmen Square or a mass murder throughout parts of China, Bruce Dawe uses historical references as a technique to highlight the importance of the events in each of his two poems. The use of this technique in the poem ‘War Without End’ emphasises and applies the idea in to the reader’s minds that the accidental deaths on our roads is compared to an unruly mass murdering of potential threats, shown in the phrase, ‘he knew what he was doing, when we kill we can only say we do not understand†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. In the poem ‘Description of an Idea’ the use of historical events gives readers the impression that the students who were murdered in the massacre of Tiananmen Square did not die in vain; they did not die for a useless reason or cause. For example the words ‘you can beat it to a bloody pulp†¦ and it will still think of freedom’ and ‘someone somewhere will still die for it’ give the reader the impression that no matter what you do to someone they, whether they are close by or somewhere else in the world will not die in vain; as their idea will never die. Therefore in the poems the use of historical references gives the reader another aspect of ‘war’ to look at and clearly comprehend the extent of Dawe’s anti-war poems. Having multiple meanings is used within the poems written by Bruce Dawe to create a sense of ambiguity and allow the reader to create their own understanding. In each of the two texts Dawe uses a variation of references and ambivalent phrases to help the diverse groups of readers to clearly comprehend his points about anti-war which are immersed within his poems. A sample of this is in the poem ‘Description of an Idea’ Dawe’s last line of the poem reads ‘and the billionth will reach for the dictionary†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ this could be interpreted as one person will look for an answer, or one person will disagree and question the answer. The technique of ambiguity when used within a poem gives a variation of diverse people the opportunity to have an opinion or to simply interpret the line to mean something different. Additionally another example of ambiguity is found within the lines of the poem ‘War Without End’; within the text is the line ‘robbed of all sweetness under the sun’; this is ambiguous as it could be taken to mean that either the victims of our roads are robbed of either their youth or freedom, or that the families of the victims are stripped of their happiness; as they have the constant reminder that their loved one was killed on our roads. Through the use of ambiguity the readers are captivated as they feel as though they are entitled to have an opinion and are able to interpret the poem to their own understandings. Through the use of repetition, historical references and ambiguity Bruce Dawe is able to express his negative feelings towards ‘war’. Within the two poems the use of repetition helps to show the reader how urgent and uncivil it is that people are dying not only in wars but on our roads yearly. The use of historical references help to emphase the importance of each poem and give the reader a more clear understanding of the poem, as well as using ambiguity to intrigue a more diverse group of readers; as they have the opportunity to create their own definition of the poems. The use of these three techniques helps Dawe to engage the readers and allow them the opportunity to feel empathy for the situations expressed within the poems.

Study Case Marketing About Harmonix

CASE STUDY: HARMONIX Harmonix is a company originally founded by Alex Rigopulos and Eran Egozy, they were the original developer of guitar hero series, the idea was originally create some demo software with the vision of providing a different way for people without music training or talent to experience the joy of playing and creating music. One of the most successful product that was produced by hamonix were guitar hero series, which subsequently became the fastest videogame in history to top 1 billion dollars just in north America. . )What marketing philosophy did harmonix use at first and how did their philosophy change? * The Marketing management philosophy used Harmonix, at first, was production oriented. The company focused on some demo software they had created in 1995, and the company focused on the internal capabilities rather than the wants or needs of customers. Then they tried the make a product by persons who wants know that will feel   be a rock star and decide to eng age with their customers, changing their philosophy to the market orientation.Since 2004 the company searched for the wants and likes of the customers creating products such as the microphone in karaoke Revolution, and in 2005 Guitar hero. This means that the company took actions by creating products to deliver and provide value to customers. The company seeks to satisfy needs , wants and likes of the customers with their products. S. W. O. T. STRENGHT * Innovation in the sector of video games * Strong brand image * Quality of the product (reality, sound, image) * Their games offer another experience that the consumers wants WEAKNESS * High prices Focus only in people with middle and higher incomes * Focus only in the music and entertainment market OPPORTUNITIES * New markets (games experiences) * New ways of advertising using internet THREAD * Increasing competitors * Indirect competition from other substitutes (other experiences with motion games) * Changing market experiences * I llegal downloading and piracy * Global economic conditions MARKETING MIX PRODUCT : like any other products have a life cycle, which begins at the time of its release, continues its growth and maturity, and finally goes into decline.They must understand each of the phases for the design, or strategies aiming at the attraction of video games to boost sales, it is for this reason that was listed as the fastest and most sales in history. PRICE: their units were sold at a higher price than other products on the market. By having so much market acceptance, Harmonix knew that despite the increase in their cost, their game was going to be one of the most competitive; the problem was that these prices keep out the people with low incomes, which is a big part of the market.DISTRIBUTION: still retains its operational autonomy, good budget for product development and licensing of music for their games. With its software can provide basic kinds of musical composition as an attribute to the parti cipants of the game, so funding invest for their internal costs and seek adjustments in the bid as and distribution consumer needs. PROMOTION: this company provides advertising that discloses a new way to experience the joy of playing and creating music through video games.Sales staff often plays an important role in word of public relations, Also they used a different way of advertising, using demos, tournaments with huge rewards that motivated the gamester to buy the game. Conclusion: * In conclusion this company show their evolution , through the time since that Harmonix beginning when was had created in grad school in 1995. Even now when this company developement fun and extraordinary videogames and one philosophy that will could satisfy   the needs , wants and likes of their customers. Related post: Advantages and Disadvantages of Administrative Management

Diversity Issues in the Workplace Essay

The world is changing and becoming more globalized, especially with the fast growing rate of technology, people who live far away feel closer than they are. Since the world is changing, so are things in it, organizations is one of how things are moving faster. Organizations are no longer run in one region, country or for one market, they are now multi-cultural and diverse in nature. It therefore require special skills to manage and be able to teach employees to properly respect and value people’s opinions, sexual orientation, culture and beliefs to avoid diversity problems. Diversity is basically defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect for age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Esty, et al. , 1995). In work place, I will personally define it as difference between people working in an organization; it could be their ideas, beliefs, language or even their culture. These factors affect one’s way of thinking, and can even determine their work performance. Taking for instance lateness at work, it is obviously a bad working habit but in some parts of Africa or Asia, it is a normal to be fifteen or twenty minutes late, this habit is one of the worse working habits in America. That is cultural difference. Workplace diversity could also refer to human quality or ability that is different form our own example. Workers sometimes treat or favor co-workers who they are more related or have some affliction to in a nicer way than other people. Workplace diversity also happens when companies hire employees from various backgrounds and experiences. â€Å"Many companies see workplace diversity as an investment toward building a better business. Although workplace diversity provides many benefits, it also poses many challenges to employees and managers. To reap the benefits of workplace diversity, employees and managers must understand the challenges and know how to effectively deal with them† (Rose Johnson, Demand Media). Being an immigrant I have personally encountered some diversity issues in a few places I have worked. Coming from a country (Ghana) where the power distance is very wide, there is no way you can call your boss by the first name, you have to address them with their title at least. But in America where power distance is no issue, where you can play ping pong with your company president at break and call them by their first name, I found it hard to fit in. I always call my boss with either sir or Mr. that made him feel I wanted to be distant away from him, and my other managers never liked me until they got to ask me questions about my culture and got to know me more. Another big diversity issue in every U.  S organization is the language barrier. This issue is due to the fact that most U. S companies hire workers who have English as their second language or got exposed to English in America. Workers like this will always have problems getting work done properly due to clarity, because they might have difficulties understanding all instructions they have been assigned to, it will cause misunderstanding and eventually low productivity. If an Indian manager who has a â€Å"thick accent† gives instruction to an American associate, the probability that the American might not get the job done right is high. Globalizing and diverse organizations have become a norm these days and organizations are better off hiring workers that are bilingual and can translate for workers that have problems with language. If this is not done companies may lose highly talented people from different backgrounds. In the movie â€Å"crash† the Arab store owner could not understand exactly what the Mexican lock repairer meant by replacing the door and that caused him to lose everything in his store, I am pretty sure if his daughter who is more fluent in both the Arab language and the English language the situation would have been totally different. Political and religious beliefs could also be another form of diversity issue in the workplace. It is always going to be hard for Christians to work and socialize with Buddhist or Muslims, because they think they involve in bad practices, and might even reject their ideas. Some employers of companies also try to impose their beliefs on employees. Example a Christian might not allow a Muslim to take breaks to pray in their season of fasting (Ramadan), it would also be a challenge for a Christian to work for a Muslim. This is religious diversity issue, if not properly managed might reduce organizational productivity or eventually it to close down, political diversity is the same as it in religion, Republican view of ruling a nation is different from that conflict Democratic, and it’s sometimes brought into managing an organization and that might cause misunderstanding. Since these two parties have different views one will always reject the idea of another in decision making. This form competition is not healthy for any organization and must be managed with care. To avoid this issues in organizations law of equal rights must be enforced to protect everyone religious, political or even sexual opinions and mandate that employees cannot force their political choices and religious faiths on other employees. A Christian employee can work with a Muslim because the two should put the goal of the organization first and leave their difference outside of the workplace. Also the Federal and State equal opportunity legislation make discrimination in workplaces illegal. These laws specify the rights and responsibilities of both associates and employers in the workplace and hold both groups accountable. Workplace diversity issues cannot be discussed without the mention of sexual orientation and harassment. The American Psychological Association (APA) defines sexual orientation as an emotional or affection attraction to another person. This includes heterosexuality (attraction to the opposite sex), homosexuality (attraction to the same sex) and bisexuality (attraction to either sex). Workers and managers should be ready to accept and work with people with different sexual orientation and not to take advantage of them. Formally it was acceptable to fire or refuse a gay or lesbian with the globalize nature of workplaces, human and civil rights on the rise, organizations should be able to draft laws that can protect people like that. After all they require two workers to deal with their differences outside of the organizations; their personal life outside of the organization should not be a problem to the organization, unless that employee is using his orientation to harass other employees. It is always good to have a diverse organization, and there is no doubt is comes with problems, but how do managers of these organizations manage diversity? As pointed out earlier, it will be effective for employers to hire professionals that deal with diversity issues to help them with the challenges involved for example having translators to help workers with language problems will help organizations tap out the talented workers. Also organizations should not over react and base their recruitment solely on diversity issues. Example, hiring with the idea of hiring workers from all walks of life will definitely be more of a challenge than an advantage. â€Å"According to Lawrence Herzog of HCareers, managers face challenges when new employees from diverse backgrounds interact with long-standing employees. † Another powerful way to deal with diversity in the workplace is by creating avenues like meeting social gathering and business meetings, where every member must listen and have the chance to speak, are good ways to create dialogues. Managers should implement policies such as mentoring programs to provide associates access to information and opportunities, workers can socialize, talk to each other and get to know more about each other’s culture, beliefs, and ideas. There might be something they could learn from each other that might positively benefit the organization. This is a strategy my formal managers in my previous job used and I think it really helped solve the diversity issue between us. I spent time with them and they got to know about me more and began to understand the way responded to certain things at work. Having a diverse workforce is due to our changing world, and if it’s managed effectively, organizations can benefit positively and have a large pool of different ideas to make the organization very competitive in all markets. Good diversity management does not only benefit the organizations it creates a safe and comfortable working environment for workers; this benefits the organization as well because employees work with enthusiasm.

ART AND GENDER PROJECT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ART AND GENDER PROJECT - Essay Example The renowned masters had themselves these women with great diligence since immemorial time. After the assessment of such prestige attached to these subjects, Houbraken notes a devastating evaluation of the Rembrandt’s nudes. The critic followed by a long digression of the Rembrandt’s excursion on Rembrandt mistaken principle of working only from life (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). The tensions between prestigious positions of nude and anxieties caused by sexual overtone understood in the observation. The tensions also dominate on the portrayal of the nude body by men heightened when it was the artist’s categorical role to represent utmost possible lifelikeness. The depictions gave the nude females a field traditionally occupied by pitfalls (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). Ninety years before the Houbraken’s biography of Rembrandt, tensions strongly expressed by the minister Samuel Ampzing and Haarlem city chronicler. After the praise of the renowned Haarlem artists, the artists attacked the reason they painted some parts of the body. These areas of the body concealed, as by the law of nature. Mostly, the paintings and the drawings that revealed these parts were the women pictures. The drawings had naked women with their body parts unconcealed. During this period, the highest aim of art was on the depiction of the nude women. Therefore, in the earlier decades of seventeenth and the eighteenth century, many of the artists deliberated the portrayal of the nude women to be the primary aim of art. For Ampzing, the erotic outcome of the paintings gave a reason enough to denounce the paintings unequivocally (Sluijter & Rembrandt, 2006). The statement given by Ampzing and Houbraken had, implicit or explicit, the nature of Rembrandt’s paintings and the etching with the ugly female nudes. The notion that the depictions of the female nude comprised of the

Lesson Plan Literatura Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lesson Plan Literatura - Essay Example The objective of this lesson is to take the subtraction lesson to the next level as subtraction occurs as well as addition. The student will be able to attach meaning to the concept of ‘more or less’ as objects within the book increase and decrease. Ask the student how many are left when subtraction occurs and how many more there are when addition occurs. Ask what it means when less or more of something happens. Ask the student how counting and more or less are related. The game consists of hoops put down on the floor and the children tossing the construction paper butterflies so that they land in the hoops. Then each group counts the butterflies to see how many are there. When this is repeated, they determine if they have more or less than they had during the previous toss. The game can be extended as they determine how many more or less they have than the previous toss. The game can be played with members of the family, giving the child the opportunity to teach the game, helping them to learn as they express the ideas of more or less. As they play with the family a member of the family, such as the parent, can fill in the worksheet so the teacher can then assess the progress from external observations of the parent. This lesson is the last in a five part series of lessons that address the concept of numbers and mathematic foundations. This game styled lesson should provide context or the meaning of addition and subtraction using concrete ideas that are more conducive to creating

Social problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Social problems - Essay Example Families are affected by globalization, unemployment, downward mobility, changing economy, fashion and trend etc that are characteristics of a society. Thus the authors' comment that the society shapes the family means that today's families are controlled and influenced by the social system tremendously so that the family system is determined by the rules and characteristics of the society rather than the other way around. Though the role of the family has changed greatly over the years and there are many hurdles in the cohesive existence of family, nobody can deny the significant role that a family plays in the development of the individual and the society. The primary function of a family is the overall development of a human being and thereby assisting the society to achieve progress and growth. To exemplify this with my own family, it is the agency that has shaped the person I am today. It taught me the primary lessons of social life and individual growth and established a right basement for my entire progress. The same system helped me in my character formation and behavioral pattern that enables me to distinguish right from wrong and good from evil. In my view the coexistence of different individuals for a common cause is the most significant element of the family life. There is no family life when individuals are parted and seek their own interest.