Criteria for Personal Philosophy

Personal conception of nursing Several nursing theories serve as basics of nursing as a practice to make it a success. Through these theories, there exists fundamental guidance and stipulated directions in structuring the profession coupled with research on nursing and education. Moreover, through these theories, one can easily put a clear cut between nursing and other professions (Dahnke Dreher, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Criteria for Personal Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nursing theories also play various roles including defining independent functions of nursing and common terms to be used by nurses when communicating with other professionals in other health related fields (Cruz, n.d.). On the other hand, curricula that aid in nursing education cannot be designed if they are not based on nursing theories. In carrying out nursing research, new ideas and knowledge emerge through these theories. When nurses are carrying out a study on a particular field, nursing theories assist them to discover or identify knowledge gaps. In research, nursing theories also assist in offering approaches to identify questions of study, select viable methods of conducting the research, interpret findings correctly, and validate interventions to be initiated by the researcher (Cruz, n.d.). Metaparadigms of nursing stipulate that a â€Å"person† is the individual receiving the nursing care (Cruz, n.d.). As stipulated by the nursing ethics, clients should be handled with due care, respect, privacy, and the nurse should do anything within the reach of his/her profession to save lives. There are various attributes, characteristics, and actions that a nurse should hold (Catlin, 2012). He or she should uphold them when providing health care to the client and this aspect is what defines nursing. A client should seek medical care based on the degree of his or her wellness, as this elem ent defines health, whereas environment deals with the surrounding (Cruz, n.d). Environment can be either external or internal surrounding that has either direct or indirect effect on a person’s health. Philosophical discussions from â€Å"The Examined Life† Over 2000 year ago, Socrates uttered a phrase that formed the basics of the film The Examined Life. Socrates made it clear that â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living for human beings† (Catlin, 2012, Para.8). Currently, it has been a common approach to adopt and focus on western philosophy. According to Critchley (2001), ethical thinking and critique in commerce hinge on some philosophers such as Bentham, Mill, Smith, Kant, Locke and Aristotle. Socrates held that the only fundamental aspect of a human life is an examined life. Unfortunately, according to him, this life has never been available to all human beings. For the sake of trying to bring philosophy back to sanity, the filmmaker of the Examined Life examined some famous philosophers in the public arena with the aim of relating philosophy to everyday living and scenes in the American lifestyle.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although Socrates declares to have treated women, slaves, and men at his town differently, he believed in the essentials of a strong democracy (Catlin, 2012). I believe that every nurse should cultivate and nurture humanity in whatever s/he does. According to Martha Nussbaum, a philosopher involved in the film, strong democracy should be reflective and deliberative. With reference to ensuring democracy, it would be unfair for nursing to be administered only to a certain group of people. Just like any other commercial practice, nursing has also its ethics that nurses should uphold when dealing with a client.  In the provision of healthcare, some factors may hinder efficiency. For instance, some client s, due to pressure from the surrounding environment, may not be in a position to seek health services. The surrounding environment could restrict them from seeking health care services. For instance, some religions do not believe in seeking professional medical attention, whereas others prohibit women from delivering in hospitals (Gaarder, Moller, 2007). These aspects underscore unfairness, and thus the nursing profession should be quite neutral and uphold professional code of conduct. One of the core functions of a nurse and any other health care provider is to try as much as possible and save lives. However, in upholding ethics, the continental philosophy stipulates a few caveats (Critchley, 2001).  Nursing should be one of the many professions that apply continental philosophy in upholding ethics when dealing with clients. Philosophers apply the continental philosophy as a way of self-description that distinguishes them from common approaches applied by other philosophers (Cri tchley, 2001). With this aspect in implementation and in conjunction with guidance from nursing theories, standards of the nursing profession will improve undoubtedly because nurses will adapt their own unique ways of dealing with issues related to a person’s health status. In trying to emerge the best, nurses will also perform their tasks without being biased. As long as a client is be with the service providers, s/he will be at a position to understand that the nurse can only work within his or her range of duties as stipulated by the profession. An exemplar of nursing practice I believe in providing standard services to humanity without discrimination. Being respectful to God as a supreme being, I try as much as possible to provide exemplary and satisfactory services to my clients/ patients. As part of exercising justice, it would be unethical not to provide health services to a patient simply because he or she lacks money.Advertising We will write a custom essay samp le on Criteria for Personal Philosophy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One time a patient walked into the hospital to seek medication. However, the client had no enough money to pay for the services. Just like any other person in business, this was a difficult decision to make as to whether to treat the client or ask him to meet his financial obligations first. However, I could not send him away since I have always believed that a patient’s health should receive the first priority. I attended him, and then retained some of his travel documents so that he could go and look for additional cash. After settling his bill, I gave back his documents. It is the duty of a nurse to prioritize the health of a patient. For instance, I overlooked the fact that the patient had no enough money and attended him, which means that with reference to the nursing profession, all nurses should work towards saving lives. This goal is achievable thro ugh providing the necessary care to restore a client’s health status.  Hospitals should also come up with flexible regulations in a bid to ensure that nurses offer efficient services. While operating under the guidelines stipulated by the profession, nurses also tend to work in observation of rules and regulations stipulated by the hospitals as institutions. Administrators within a health facility should implement favorable frameworks to all classes of people. For instance, rules regarding payment of bills should allow the retaining of collaterals until bills are settled fully. It would be unfair to deny healthcare to a patient who is in short of finances. Strict regulations and frameworks tend to compromise standards of health services offered by nurses, as they tend to adhere to strict rules laid down. My view/Conclusion In the dynamic contemporary world, there is a challenge ahead for nursing as a profession. For instance, the profession has to take a path resisted by mo st, as opposed to the smooth path with least resistance. One question that we need to answer is whether the profession is teaching the appropriate tools of philosophy and methodologies focusing on the real situations at hand. Moreover, the practice of nursing should also seek to establish compatibility with the changes taking place in the environment under which the practice is carried out (Klemke, et al., 1998). Currently, the practice of nursing is more of theory-based than being practical. Nurses tend to follow guidelines stipulated by their profession to handle different situations, as opposed to thinking critically and based on knowledge and skills come up with a solution to the problem at hand. However, nurses cannot be blamed for this practice as they follow the nursing frameworks. By following protocols and regulations, nurses justify that the â€Å"modality is used to address issues accepted by the nursing community as within the domain of nursing and phenomena of concern to professional nurses† (Frisch, 2001. p.2).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although nursing practices are set up to help nurses to think in a holistic manner, some nurses do not achieve the intended goal. For instance, a nurse may have a personal bias towards a patient that s/he is aware that s/he can directly influence the administration of a health facility. This element is not justifiable and thus should not be accepted, as it does not support what one should do as a nurse. However, nurses should be in a position to adopt different techniques to handle the situation at hand, rather than following stipulated procedures that may be inappropriate to that particular issue. References Catlin, J. (2012). The Examined Life and the Task of Public Philosophy. Web. Critchley, S. (2001). Continental philosophy: A very short introduction. England, UK: Oxford University Press. Cruz, R. (n.d.). Fundamentals of Nursing Practice. Web. Dahnke, M., Dreher, H. M. (2011). Philosophy of science for nursing practice: Concepts and application. New York, NY: Springer. Frisch, N. (2001). Nursing as a Context for Alternative/Complementary Modalities. The  Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 6(2), 2 – 4. Gaarder, J., Moller, P. (2007). Sophie’s World: A novel about the history of  philosophy. New York, NY: Berkley Books. Klemke, E., Hollinger, R., Rudge, D., Kline, D. (Eds.). (1998). Introductory readings in the philosophy of science. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. This essay on Criteria for Personal Philosophy was written and submitted by user Parker Holder to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Using GRE Sample Outlines For Issue Essay Prompts

Using GRE Sample Outlines For Issue Essay PromptsGre Sample Outlines for Issue Essay Prompts: A Winning Writing Technique For Students of all Ages! Students everywhere are struggling with writing essays. This is especially true for high school students, but it's still happening to adults too.Many people take a great deal of time getting an essay ready. The process can be aggravating and even frustrating to some students. One of the most frustrating things about writing an essay is that the 'paper' often involves lots of trial and error. Once the essay is completed, it's rarely read by anyone else because the words were memorized.Fortunately, there are now good resources available to students who want to write better essays, including GRE essay prompts. These helpful samples are designed for students who are having trouble writing an essay. Each sample contains several topics that have been carefully selected to be used in various types of essays.GRE essay samples include essays on ge neral topics and many short essays. All topics are designed to help readers learn more about the topic, rather than simply provide a specific outline for writers to follow. With each sample, you will find that the material is presented in such a way that it makes it easy for students to understand the concepts being presented.Students are encouraged to read the important sections in context rather than in isolation. It's easy to understand what a topic means when you understand the way that the information is presented. That's why GRE essay samples will also present the material in several ways, making it easy for students to recognize how they relate to one another.The sample essays and questions also include tips that are designed to make writing easier. For example, the samples contain helpful tips on how to organize and structure a paper. This type of writing is an essential skill for students to develop, but students often get confused by how to structure a paper.It's easy to s ee that too many words can make a paper confusing. A sample also includes helpful tips on how to introduce and conclude the paper. Because of all the help that these guides provide, it's no wonder that so many students are turning to these online guides.Most of the tools that provide learning materials for students are web-based. GRE sample outlines for issue essay prompts are web-based tools that will help you prepare for your essay and get better at writing it. By using these tools, you'll be able to improve your writing skills, not only during tests but throughout the rest of your academic career.

Signs, Symbols and Portents Essay Example

Signs, Symbols and Portents Essay Example Signs, Symbols and Portents Essay Signs, Symbols and Portents Essay Essay Topic: Literature Signs and symbols can be seen in all kinds of literature. Simply put, they are a concrete representation of an abstract concept. What they represent is not always obvious: they can have one or several meanings, and their meaning can change throughout the story. Sometimes, they are used by the author to foreshadow an event. Interpreting signs and symbols can be a challenge for a reader, but it is a rewarding one: it makes for a more profound and interesting reading. In this essay, I will discuss the role of signs and symbols in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville. Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter was first published in 1850. It is set in Boston, in the 17th century. It is the story of a woman, Hester Prynne, who has been punished by society because of her adultery. She has been forced to wear a scarlet A on her chest as a reminder of the sin she has committed. This scarlet letter, a written sign, is the novels main subject: it is also its main symbol. Charles Feidelson writes: The symbolistic method is inherent in the subject, just as the subject of symbolism is inherent in the method (Feidelson 1953: 13). Hawthorne also uses the main characters as symbols, pointing out the ways in which the scarlet letter affects them. Hester Prynne is condemned to wear the scarlet letter for the rest of her life because she has given birth to a child, Pearl, who is not her husbands. The fact that she has been punished in such a way tells us much about Puritan society: people were generally very pious and prude, and adultery was considered to be a great sin (Durst Johnson 1995). Hester could easily have fled from Boston and thrown away her scarlet letter, but she chooses to stay put and serve her punishment. The red A represents her sin, but it also symbolises the features of human nature that are not socially acceptable in Puritan America, such as passion (Feidelson 1953, Durst Johnson 1995). By continuing to wear it, even when she is told that she is allowed to take it off, she is making a statement. She is showing that she does not intend to change, and that she believes that the society around her should change, instead. She makes no excuses for her behaviour and devotes herself to humanitarian work. Eventually, people see her under a different light: the red A that they used to associate with something devilish acquires a much more positive meaning. Hester is now seen as an Angel, or as Able. Soon after her condemnation, Hester embroiders the scarlet letter with golden thread. Doing so could mean two things: either she is mocking her punishment, or she could be trying to embellish the truth. She does not want to accept her passionate nature. This is very Puritanistic of her: the 19th century was the Age of the Euphemism (Durst Johnson 1995: ix) in America. People did not die, they passed away; a man was not drunk, he was unwell. Though Hester appears to accept her punishment, it can sometimes becomes a hard cross to bear. Hester herself is a symbol: she represents human nature. She is passionate, not infallible, and acknowledges it. At the same time, the way she has been raised has shaped her personality. It sometimes keeps her from fully embracing the aspects of her character that society finds objectionable. Nevertheless, her punishment has made her stronger, and more understanding of humanity. Her charitable work is a proof of this. Hester is a survivor. Dimmesdale, Pearls father, is a young minister in the community. The red A on Hesters chest could stand for Arthur, his first name. He also has a scarlet letter on his heart, a psychosomatic mark (Feidelson 1953: 11), but refuses to acknowledge it. He is a pious man who believes that there should be no room in his life for passion, but his scarlet letter is a permanent reminder that he cannot escape this trait of his personality. The letter tortures him, and he constantly seeks to punish himself. His health deteriorates throughout the novel. He refuses to acknowledge Pearl as his daughter until the very end, and when he does, he proclaims himself to be the one sinner of the world (Hawthorne 2002). He dies minutes after having shown his scarlet letter to the world. Dimmesdale is a symbol of Puritan society and its unwillingness to accept all aspects of human nature. Pearl, Hester and Dimmesdales daughter, has a symbolic role until the very end of the novel. She is an uncontrollable and mischievous child, and she is described as an demon offspring by the narrator. Comparisons between Pearl and the scarlet letter are numerous and obvious. Feidelson writes: Pearl, as Hawthorne reiterates at tiresome length, is the scarlet letter both physically and mentally (1953: 11). Pearl is obsessed with her mothers scarlet letter. In Chapter XV, she makes a green A out of eelgrass and puts it on her own chest. To Pearl, the letter is natural, and does not represent anything evil. She seeks the truth about it, and is constantly asking her mother questions, something that makes Hester uncomfortable. She is also the hardest truth-sayer in the novel (Durst Johnson 1995: 6), and knows the truth about Dimmesdale instinctively. Until he confesses to being her father, she calls him Mr. Black and refuses to kiss him. Throughout the novel, there is an intense connection between Pearl and truth. This indicates that the scarlet letter, which is symbolised by Pearl, represents the whole truth about human nature. Hawthorne writes: Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred! (Hawthorne 2002: 269). By using the scarlet letter and his characters as symbols, Hawthorne is urging people to acknowledge every aspect of their own humanity (Durst Johnson 1995). Moby-Dick was published in 1851. Its author, Herman Melville, dedicated the novel to Nathaniel Hawthorne, who he admired greatly. In his tale of a whaling expedition gone wrong, Melville makes extensive use of signs and symbols. Ishmael, a member of the ships crew and the storys narrator, is a visionary (Feidelson 1953). He transforms the physical world into a symbolic world for the reader. The symbols used in Moby-Dick are most often more complex and ambiguous than the ones used in The Scarlet Letter. One of the major symbols in Moby-Dick is the whaling ship, the Pequod. It has been painted black, and is decorated with bones and teeth that have dissected out of dead whales. In addition to this, it has been named after an extinct Native American tribe. Though Ishmael seems to be very satisfied with the Pequod, the way he describes it makes it sound spooky. The Pequods appearance symbolises death, and its name makes the reader realise that the ship is doomed to sink. Ishmael says of the ship that it is a cannibal of a craft (Melville 1998: 61): much of the components of the ship are taken from whale parts, and it is a ship whose main purpose is killing whales. He is pointing out how men use nature for their own ends, and have no moral qualms about using a whale to kill another whale. The crew of the Pequod is made up of a variety of people from all over the world. Ishmael notes that most of the crew is made up of men who were born outside of America, but that the officer positions are generally occupied by Americans. He says: the native American liberally provides the brain, the rest of the world generously supplying the muscles (Melville 1998: 106). Melville could be commenting on social class differences between Whites and Blacks in the United States, or even on slavery. Though Ishmael seems to believe that the rest of the world is generously providing the muscles, it is probably fair to speculate that many of them would rather be given the chance to use their brains. Moby-Dick was published just ten years before the American Civil War broke out, and racial issues were extremely relevant. In spite of all this, the members of the crew seem to be getting along, and work well as a team. This could represent the American melting pot: people from every corner of the world having come to build a country and pulling together to make it happen. Melville had great hopes for American democracy, and this is one of the reasons why he wrote Moby-Dick (Selby 1998). Ahab, the ships captain, embodies an extreme version of a classic American type: the monomaniac, who has only one interest and devotes all his energy to it (Brodhead 1986). He dedicates his ship and his whole crew to his own personal mission: killing the great white whale, Moby Dick. He does not care whether lives are lost in the process, and he rules his ship like a tyrannical dictator would. D. H. Lawrence said of the sinking of the Pequod that it was the sinking of the white American soul (Selby 1998). By making Ahabs plan fail, Melville is showing the public what can happen when a monomaniac type such as Ahab goes too far. Moby Dick is central in Melvilles novel. It is a white whale of an extraordinary size: it is the most solid of physical things and the most meaningful of symbols (Feidelson 1953: 184). Moby Dick means something different to every character in the novel. To Starbuck, the first mate, it is just another whale, though a very dangerous one. He is irritated at the vendetta Ahab has against it, and wishes that the crew could work on its true mission, which is to hunt whales for their oil. Ishmael is fascinated by the whale, and terrified by its whiteness, as white is the visible absence of color, and at the same time the concrete of all colors (Melville 1998: 175). Ishmael does not know whether the whale is just a meaningless big fish colorless or a mystical being full of complex meanings, at once good and evil. To the rest of the crew, tales about the white whale are a diversion from their dangerous jobs, and a way to confront their own fears. Finally, to Ahab, it is the ultimate symbol of evil in this world. Moby Dick is the reason why he has lost a leg, and he is determined to seek revenge. D. H. Lawrence has suggested that the white whale could be some kind of a phallic symbol (Selby 1998). The whale has such strength and power that Ahabs desire to kill the whale could be a quest for acquiring absolute potency (Brodhead 1986). Ahab never succeeds in killing Moby Dick: instead, it is Moby Dick that sinks the ship. It is the revenge of nature over men, who keep trying to destroy it. After discussing the role of symbols and signs in The Scarlet Letter and Moby-Dick, I must agree with Nick Selby, who writes that symbolism, and the loose romanticism upon which it depends, is the key expressive tool of the American Renaissance' (1998: 55). There is more symbolism in these two literary works than in any other works I have studied this year. The symbols are rich in meaning and are given great importance. Spending time to interpret them is essential to a proper understanding of the text.

History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

History - Assignment Example Joel Kotkin insisted that cities developed sacred functions as a very deep sign that they represented divine power. This enabled the cities to civilise and develop as much as they could. He gave examples of sacred cities which included Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and China. Commercial cities included Detroit, shanghai and Carthage. Secure cities can be identified by their overall success currently and they include the cities of London and the United States (Tosh, p 33). Lewis Mumford noted that cities contributed significantly to human civilization. This was by providing the podium that would ensure that the architectural designs that made up cities were a greater representation of what human civilization was all about. He goes ahead to note that the creation of these cities presented a myriad of social problems that continued to threaten the human civilization process. He constantly hoped that over the years the cities would represent the uniqueness of each design and show the deep rooted spiritual values that were practised by the community or society (Tosh, p 19). In the ancient world, cities were places for trade, worship and industrial activities. They developed as a result of the very many needs and expectations that the communities had. They had the overall aim of strengthening these wants and needs. These functions are very similar because modern day cities are also created with the sole aim of meeting specific needs in society. It was therefore very necessary to have specific resources in the form of construction materials, funds and manpower to construct these cities. This had to be coupled with powerful policies that would ensure their overall maintenance from time to time. Hammurabi ensured that he created very simple laws and policies that were to be used to create an orderly atmosphere in urban cities (Tosh, p 43). Romans introduced very many architectural features in their constructions. This included the use of the most modern

Middle Class Societies Of America And England Essay

Middle Class Societies Of America And England - Essay Example Therefore Roosevelt became the first president to support the labor and assigned the government a direct role and duty to all the people. The new women's colleges were opened and there the female reformers were educated. These females who were white middle class young women handled the "problem " of Immigrant, who constituted "dark skinned" Italians, peasant Jews and immigrants from southeastern Europe. The middle class women were barred to possess the professional educational qualifications pursue Consumer's League, and "Americanizing" centers known as settlement houses. These organizations targeted to wipe off the corruption and vice bred by the men their career. So, the women formed into groups and had built themselves as associations to take active part in the public life. Some of the associations are Women's Trade Union League, the Women's Christian Temperance Union, and the National. The women succeeded in their campaign to get the right to vote. But their battle of suffrage lasted for as long as from 1848 to 1920, in the year 1920 nineteenth amendment granted 26 million women, half of the nations population, the right to vote. The Fourteenth Amendment sanctioned the citizenship to the blacks. The Civil Rights Law of the 1960s was stepping stone for those who fought for America's promise of equal rights for all. The movement of women, for suffrage began at Seneca Falls. The American Society challenged severely the efforts of women that they cannot cross the threshold of men. But as the situation prolonged, the women got educated, and their movement turned out to be a respectable one. By 1910, the movement developed into a mass movement. In England too it was the same condition, the women were aggressive to sweep out their miseries and were carrying their movement for fundamental rights. In both the nations, by 1919, the Amendment Act was passed for women granting their right to vote. Detroit, the city was known as the "arsenal of Democracy" during the Second World War. The city of Detroit required a large number of labor who came from Africa. They were not given accommodation and like this the riots erupted which turned to be the bloodiest in the history of he nation. This racial conflict has begun very long past in 1863 and lasted till 1941. The racial riots have a long history in Detroit. There were about 200,000 black labors, constricted to sixty square blocks and compelled to live under dreadful sanitary conditions. Awfully the place was named as Paradise Valley while it was a hell for the inhabitants. There was an integrated amusement park. It was known as Belle Isle. This was the place where the Detroit riots began at this particular spot. The rumors still aggravated the situation and mainly because of the police sergeant spread some rumors regarding a women and her baby over the Belle Isle bridge, the black retaliated, looted, destroyed white owned stores, white skinned people were attacked without discrimination. Similar way white also retaliated in the same way. The situation continued without any holds, Detroit became practically a hellhole until Mayor Edward J. Jeffries called more than six thousand federal army troops was stationed throughout the Detroit city. Practically Detroit city was shutdown, streets deserted, schools deserted, no

Principles of Insurance Essay Example for Free

Principles of Insurance Essay 1. Principle of Uberrimae fidei (Utmost Good Faith) Principle of Uberrimae fidei (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Utmost Good Faith, is a very basic and first primary principle of insurance. According to this principle, the insurance contract must be signed by both parties (i.e insurer and insured) in an absolute good faith or belief or trust. The person getting insured must willingly disclose and surrender to the insurer his complete true information regarding the subject matter of insurance. The insurers liability gets void (i.e legally revoked or cancelled) if any facts, about the subject matter of insurance are either omitted, hidden, falsified or presented in a wrong manner by the insured. The principle of Uberrimae fidei applies to all types of insurance contracts. 2. Principle of Insurable Interest The principle of insurable interest states that the person getting insured must have insurable interest in the object of insurance. A person has an insurable interest when the physical existence of the insured object gives him some gain but its non-existence will give him a loss. In simple words, the insured person must suffer some financial loss by the damage of the insured object. For example :- The owner of a taxicab has insurable interest in the taxicab because he is getting income from it. But, if he sells it, he will not have an insurable interest left in that taxicab. From above example, we can conclude that, ownership plays a very crucial role in evaluating insurable interest. Every person has an insurable interest in his own life. A merchant has insurable interest in his business of trading. Similarly, a creditor has insurable interest in his debtor. 3. Principle of Indemnity Indemnity means security, protection and compensation given against damage, loss or injury. According to the principle of indemnity, an insurance contract is signed only for getting protection against unpredicted financial losses arising due to future uncertainties. Insurance contract is not made for making profit else its sole purpose is to give compensation in case of any damage or loss. In an insurance contract, the amount of compensations paid is in proportion to the incurred losses. The amount of compensations is limited to the amount assured or the actual losses, whichever is less. The compensation must not be less or more than the actual damage. Compensation is not paid if the specified loss does not happen due to a particular reason during a specific time period. Thus, insurance is only for giving protection against losses and not for making profit. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of indemnity does not apply because the value of human life cannot be measured in terms of money. 4. Principle of Contribution Principle of Contribution is a corollary of the principle of indemnity. It applies to all contracts of indemnity, if the insured has taken out more than one policy on the same subject matter. According to this principle, the insured can claim the compensation only to the extent of actual loss either from all insurers or from any one insurer. If one insurer pays full compensation then that insurer can claim proportionate claim from the other insurers. For example :- Mr. John insures his property worth $ 100,000 with two insurers AIG Ltd. for $ 90,000 and MetLife Ltd. for $ 60,000. Johns actual property destroyed is worth $ 60,000, then Mr. John can claim the full loss of $ 60,000 either from AIG Ltd. or MetLife Ltd., or he can claim $ 36,000 from AIG Ltd. and $ 24,000 from Metlife Ltd. So, if the insured claims full amount of compensation from one insurer then he cannot claim the same compensation from other insurer and make a profit. Secondly, if one insurance company pays the full c ompensation then it can recover the proportionate contribution from the other insurance company. 5. Principle of Subrogation Subrogation means substituting one creditor for another. Principle of Subrogation is an extension and another corollary of the principle of indemnity. It also applies to all contracts of indemnity. According to the principle of subrogation, when the insured is compensated for the losses due to damage to his insured property, then the ownership right of such property shifts to the insurer. This principle is applicable only when the damaged property has any value after the event causing the damage. The insurer can benefit out of subrogation rights only to the extent of the amount he has paid to the insured as compensation. For example :- Mr. John insures his house for $ 1 million. The house is totally destroyed by the negligence of his neighbour Mr.Tom. The insurance company shall settle the claim of Mr. John for $ 1 million. At the same time, it can file a law suit against Mr.Tom for $ 1.2 million, the market value of the house. If insurance company wins the case and collects $ 1.2 mi llion from Mr. Tom, then the insurance company will retain $ 1 million (which it has already paid to Mr. John) plus other expenses such as court fees. The balance amount, if any will be given to Mr. John, the insured. 6. Principle of Loss Minimization According to the Principle of Loss Minimization, insured must always try his level best to minimize the loss of his insured property, in case of uncertain events like a fire outbreak or blast, etc. The insured must take all possible measures and necessary steps to control and reduce the losses in such a scenario. The insured must not neglect and behave irresponsibly during such events just because the property is insured. Hence it is a responsibility of the insured to protect his insured property and avoid further losses. For example :- Assume, Mr. Johns house is set on fire due to an electric short-circuit. In this tragic scenario, Mr. John must try his level best to stop fire by all possible means, like first calling nearest fire department office, asking neighbours for emergency fire extinguishers, etc. He must not remain inactive and watch his house burning hoping, Why should I worry? Ive insured my house. 7. Principle of Causa Proxima (Nearest Cause) Principle of Causa Proxima (a Latin phrase), or in simple english words, the Principle of Proximate (i.e Nearest) Cause, means when a loss is caused by more than one causes, the proximate or the nearest or the closest cause should be taken into consideration to decide the liability of the insurer. The principle states that to find out whether the insurer is liable for the loss or not, the proximate (closest) and not the remote (farest) must be looked into. For example :- A cargo ships base was punctured due to rats and so sea water entered and cargo was damaged. Here there are two causes for the damage of the cargo ship (i) The cargo ship getting punctured beacuse of rats, and (ii) The sea water entering ship through puncture. The risk of sea water is insured but the first cause is not. The nearest cause of damage is sea water which is insured and therefore the insurer must pay the compensation. However, in case of life insurance, the principle of Causa Proxima does not apply. Whatever may be the reason of death (whether a natural death or an unnatural death) the insurer is liable to pay the amount of insurance.

Litter Control :: Environment Ecology Littering

Litter Control Litter control is not only an important issue to me but to this state and country. Programs such as Keep America Beautiful and adopt-a-highway are designed to promote a clean environment by educating people and creating projects to help improve the environment (Keeping America Beautiful). Growing up I learned the importance of having a clean environment. It improves the quality of life, it increases your confidence level, and it makes you proud of your community. I feel strongly about this issue because there are a lot of people who just do not care. South Carolina has a goal of making people aware of the environment. The state government has started a campaign called Palmetto Pride (Diane Marlow). The promotion tactics that they use includes South Carolina officials and well-known people promoting beautification of the state. I also have a goal of making people aware of the environment and I decided that creating a project with children would be very effective. I always thought children were excellent people to work with. They are eager to learn and to show enthusiasm. My plan was to work with the children of St. Lawrence’s Place. That idea was sparked from my University 101 instructor. There I hoped to design a trash-pickup program similar to the one that the adopt-a-highway program had. Along with the program, I would have educated the children about litter prevention and the importance of a clean environment. Instead of walking along a highway collect trash we would wander around St. Lawrence’s Place looking for trash and items to be recycled. Unfortunately, the program could not be carried out because of scheduling problems. Luckily, there was an adopt-a-highway project going on in my hometown during the time of fall break. Adopt-a-highway is a program of public service for volunteers to collect trash along the highways of America. The group agrees to pick up trash at the minimum of three times per year. There is an age limit for this program. Those that are interested must be at least twelve years of age to participate in the trash pick-up. The adopt-a-highway program also educates people about litter prevention and recycling (Adopt-a-highway). On October 15, I arrived on Main Street with some of my friends and former classmates. Main Street is a very busy road that connects to a highway.